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class="details_f"><p>其一、提高微細顆粒的脫除效率<br/></p><p>微細顆粒物質量輕、粒徑小、流動跟隨性好、吸附性強且較難脫除，是造成大氣能見度降低、灰霾天氣、酸雨、氣候變化等重大問題的重要因素，由其引發的污染已成為我國突出的大氣環境問題，而燃煤電廠是引起我國大氣環境中微細顆粒物濃度增加的重要污染源之一。干式靜電除塵器(DESP)具率高、能耗低、煙氣處理量大等優點，目前我國有90%~95%的燃煤電廠采用DESP對燃煤煙氣進行除塵處理，但由于微細顆粒(粒徑小于10μm)荷電效果差，電遷移率低，其脫除效率并不理想，通常不超過90%；此外，DESP靠振打清灰，易出現二次揚塵及反電暈現象，也大大降低了對細顆粒物脫除效率。目前工業多采取增加電場數、增加除塵器的寬度和增加除塵器的高度等手段來增加收塵面積，從而提高濕式靜電除塵器的脫除效率，但該改造方案需增加占地面積、投資運行費用較高，適用的項目范圍較窄陣，且振打導致的顆粒物脫除效率降低的關鍵性問題依舊沒有解決。</p><p>為適應新排放標準，提高微細顆粒的脫除效率，在傳統DESP除塵技術上發展新型除塵技術成為研究趨勢，新型靜電除塵增效技術主要包括移動極板技術、低低溫技術、電袋復合式除塵技術和濕式靜電除塵技術。但在實際工業應用中，移動極板技術陽極板機械結構過于復雜，制作、運行成本高，設備維護困難；低低溫電除塵器技術加裝熱交換裝置會帶來系統流體阻力增加及設備占地面積增加等問題，同時由于煙氣溫度降低到酸結露以下，換熱器及電除塵器均存在酸腐蝕風險。</p><p>電袋復合式除塵技術在實際運行中難以處理高溫煙氣，易出現“燒袋”現象，且對鍋爐運行煙氣濕度及含氧量要求高，輔助系統復雜，故障率較高。</p><p>而WESP與常規的DESP除塵原理及結構基本相同，使用噴淋系統在收塵極形成水膜代替傳統DESP的振打清灰系統，兼具DESP的優點且克服了反電暈和二次揚塵問題，結構簡單同時又沒有以上增效技術存在的問題，具有很高的除塵效率，隨著火電廠大氣污染物排放標準的日趨嚴格，濕式電除塵器在燃煤電站的應用越來越廣泛，針對濕靜電除塵器脫除微細顆粒的問題近年國內外學者也開展了大量的研究。</p><p>用ELPI測試不同電場強度、停留時問、顆粒粒徑下微細顆粒在濕式電除塵器內的脫除效率，研究發現，隨著停留時問增長，脫除效率從57%上升至96%，隨著電場強度增大，脫除效率提高。同初始微細顆粒濃度對脫除效率的影響，隨著顆粒物初始濃度降低，脫除效率有所下降，分級脫除效率整體成U型分布。</p><p>新型濕式電除塵器，除塵器荷電區與收塵區分開，發現荷電區對細顆粒物脫除效率為10%，提高荷電區與收塵區電壓及減少收塵區極問距均對脫除效應具有促進作用，可高達99.7%。水膜對微細顆粒靜電脫除效率的影響規律，結果表明粒徑為0.5μm時的脫除效率較低，隨著顆粒直徑的增大或減小，顆粒脫除效率都將增大。水膜能夠顯著提高小顆粒的靜電脫除效率，當顆粒直徑小于0.1μm顆粒脫除效率提高約50%，對大顆粒的脫除效率也有較顯著的促進作用高約8%。以上研究，多為濕式電除塵器污染物脫除宏觀效率試驗，缺乏對于濕式電除塵器內部顆粒的分布、受力與運動特性等方面的研究，而這對于優化濕式電除塵過程進一步提高微細顆粒脫除效率至關重要。</p><p>通過ELPI對電除塵器除塵過程中微細顆粒的濃度分布進行實時測量，基于顆粒濃度變化研究分析了水膜對微細顆粒在靜電除塵器內的分布狀況、運動軌跡、沉積情況、分級效率及力學行為等的影響，揭示水膜影響微細顆粒脫除效率的機理，為濕式電除塵器脫除微細顆粒奠定理論基礎。</p><p>改進電場結構在單區靜電除塵器中，粒子的荷電和捕集都在一個區內完成，而雙區靜電除塵器的粒子荷電部分和收塵部分是分開的。前區安裝電暈極，粉塵在此區內荷電，后區安裝收塵極，粉塵在此區內被捕集。雙區電除塵技術是在末電場中，將單一的高壓電塵荷電區和收塵區，并用不同的高壓電源供電。根據需要，有所區別地向這兩個區供應適宜的運行電壓強化其荷電和收塵功能。荷電區主要是對粉塵進行荷電同時又在陽極板上收集帶負電荷的粉塵。收塵區則使顆粒從煙氣中分離，將絕大部分的顆粒吸附到收塵板上；同一些帶正電荷的顆粒吸附至其陰極(又稱輔助電極)。雙區電場由于荷電與收塵區分開后，在荷電區可以比較靈活地調整電壓，通過減小極間距，可以在較低的電壓下能使塵粒充分地荷電，運行也很。在收塵區，可大大地提高收塵電場的均勻性，有利于提高除塵效率。對雙區電場對粉塵驅進速度的提高系數研究表明，為防止電除塵器發生反電暈問題并提高除塵效率，在末電場采用雙區電場結構，將粉塵荷電、收塵的過程及其電源供電設備分開，使兩個區域的電氣運行參數分別達到較佳化。通過實驗研究表明，與傳統臥式電除塵器相比，雙區電場可使粉塵平均驅進速度提高20%左右；除塵效率則隨之上升，并將粉塵排放濃度降低到50mg/m3以下。</p><p>其二、靜電除塵器的工作原理</p><p>濕式靜電除塵器配件實質上是由兩個極性相反的電極組成其中是表而曲率很大的線狀電極(通常是負極)，稱電暈極或放電極，一個是板狀電極(通常是正極)，稱集塵極。工作時常在電暈極和集塵極之間施加直流高壓使電暈極發生電暈放電，在其附近形成電暈區。電暈區內生成大量的自由電子和正離子，以及由自由電子附著而帶負電的氣體分子—負離子。在電場力的作用下正離子向電暈極運動，自由離子和負離子向集塵極移動，充滿到兩極間的絕大部分空間。當污染氣體通過這一電場空間時，充滿在空間的自由離子和負離子將與物體染氣體中的氣溶膠粒子碰撞并附著在其上使之帶電，形成帶負電的粒子。由十在靜電場中作用在荷電粒子上的電場力比重力大得多，所以在電場力的作用下，這些帶負電的粒子將被驅往集塵極，放出所帶電荷而沉積在集塵極上。</p><p>當然由電暈放電形成的正離子與氣溶膠粒子碰撞時也可使之帶電，形成帶正電的粒子，沉積到電暈極上。但是由十出現在電暈區內的正離子向電暈極運動的路徑極短，只能與少數氣膠粒子相遇而使之荷電，所以沉積在電暈極上的粉塵顆粒是不多的。當沉積在集塵極(或電暈極)上的粉塵到一定厚度時，應由清灰裝置及時清理，使粉塵落入灰斗后排出。</p><p><br/></p></div> 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